Late Medieval Church:
- Pope Innocent III – papal power at greatest, had a lot of it
- Late 1400's - Church seemed to be making a comeback.
- Council of Lyons -reunited the Eastern Church with Rome
- Innocent III - Plentitude of Power
- Declared saints, disposed of benefices, created centralized papal monarchy with political mission.
- Turned church into a secular power
- Rota Romana - papal law court
- Reservation of benefices - papal power used to appoint church positions
- Cathars and Walensians - appealed to biblical idea of simplicity and separation from the world College of cardinals politicized
- Conclave created to reduce outside influence
Demise of imperial power = Roman papacy wasn't the leader of anti-imperial sentiment in Italy
- Italian politics influenced the College of Cardinals
- Pope Gregory IX est. conclave right after pope died to try to reduce political influence on their decisions
- Pope Boniface VIII
- England and France were nation states, on brink of war c. 1294
- Clerics laicos – no taxation of clergy w/o papal approval
- Denied by Edward I
- Conceded right à Phillip the Fair “in emergencies”
- England evolved into formal parliaments (Henry III & Edward I)
- France was a centralized monarchy (Phillip IV the Fair -est. French hegemony)
- 1300 –Jubilee Year
- All Catholics visiting Rome had un-repented sins remitted
- Unum Sanctum
- Pierre Dubois & John of Paris refute papal claims to intervene in temporal matters
- Issued by Boniface, said temporal authority was subject to spiritual authority.
- Boniface was almost murdered by Nogaret (dies 1303)
- Benedict XI excommunicates Nogaret
- Clement V succeeds, declared Unum Sanctum diminished, hurt French authority
- 1309 –moves papal court à Avignon
- Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
- Papacy influenced by French
- Papal taxes ext. (agnates, benefice)
- Clement VI (indulgences)
- Materialism and political scheming
- Pope John XXII
- Most powerful Avignon pope, tried to move back to Italy
- Marsilius of Padua (Defender of Peace)
- Independent origins & secular government
- Spiritual crimes à eternal punishment
- Directly challenged the pope (excommunication power)
- Benedict XII, papacy entrenched in Avignon
- Clement VI, cardinals = lobbyists
- soon there was legislations restricting papal jurisdiction
- Pragmatic Sanctum of Bourges – French church can elect own clergy w/o papal influence
- John Wycliffe & John Huss
- A religious movement, Lollards followed Wycliffe, Hussities followed Huss
- Wycliffe = intellectual spokesman for rights of royalty over churches
- Personal merit was a basis of religious authority
- Donatism (efficacy of the church lied in performance & moral character)
- Huss supported Wycliffe
- Wine and bread for everyone for the eucharist, they were just wine and bread
The Great Schism & Conciliar Movement à1449
- Pople Gregory XI moved papacy back to Rome in 1377
- Roman cardinals elected Urban VI
- Schism (king of France supported papacy in France_
- French cardinals elected Pope Clement VII
- 2POPES!!
- Conciliar Theory: church in which representative council could regulate the axns of Pope
- Council of Pisa – both elected a new pope, Alexander V, but neither pope stepped down
- 3 POPES!!!
- Council of Constance
- Sarcosancta: new pope Martin V
- Council of Basel
- Hussies presented 4 articles of Prague:
- 1. Giving laity bread AND wine
- 2. Free, itinerant preaching
- 3. Exclusion of clergy from secular offices & property ownage
- 4. Punishment of clergy w/ mortal sins
- (all were accepted except #3)
- Council of Basel collapsed
- Pope Pius II – papal bull exerabilis, condemned appeals to councils
Consequences:
- Devoted greater religious responsibility à laity & secular governments
- Secular control up
- Kings got power over church
Medieval Russia
- Prince Vladimir of Kiev chose Greek orthodoxy for Russia’s religion
- Successor, Yaroslav the Wise made Kiev politically & culturally magnificent
- After death, 3 cultural groups
- 1. Great Russians
- 2. White Russians
- 3. Little Russians (Ukrainians)
- Gov. combined monarchy & democracy
- Freemen v. slaves (former prisoners of war)
- Mongol Rule
- Mongol armies swept China, Islamic world & Russia
- Ghengis Khan invaded in 1223, & Kiev later fell to the Khan dynasty
- Russian cities became dependent on Golden Horde (part of Mongols) Islam influence
- Mongol rule ended in 1480
- Education up, humanism, artistic & cultural revolutions
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